Following Napoleons defeat

Factors which preceded the unification:

-The Franco-Prussian war of 1871:

BEFORE THE CIVIL WAR:

The Course of The Civil War

-The rush for acquiring colonies in Africa is referred to as the scramble for Africa.

5. Colonizers Treaties with local rulers

2.1.The Ethiopian Long Distance Trade In The 19th Century

The revival of Long distamce trade in Ethiopia in the 19th century was due to:

The two most dominant merchants of Long distance trade in Ethiopian region were:

Long distance trade was conducted by Caravan merchants who

Import Items included:

 Slaves:

The last quarter of the 19th century saw a boom in slave trade as a result of:

Markets:

Medium of Exchange

The long distance trade of the 19th century affected Ethiopian society as follows

The two major themes in the 19th century history of Ethiopia were:

For about a century,before the rise of Thewodros II,Christian Kingdom went through a period of crisis called Zemene Mesafint which was characterized by:

• Programs of Thewodros:

Emperor Thewodros:

Emperor Thewodros:  Stationed at Gafat,near Debre Tabor where he tried to manufacture modern arms with missionary labour

Emperor Yohannis: Emperor Yohannis: With his name Kasa Mircha Defeated emperor Tekle Giyorgis at the battle of Assem in 1871.

Menilik:  Was competing for the throne since the death of Thewodros.

By The Treaty of Liche:  Menilik agreed to pay annual tribute to Yohannis.

Inspite of The Liche Agreement .....continued  Meniliks shoan army comanded by Ras Gobena crossed Gibe river and moved to the Oromo states.

Emperor Yohannis :  Had a political centralization vision containing an element of religious unity.

After the Boru Meda Council of 1878:  Wollo rulers were offered choice of conversion or loss of power which they chose conversion.

In 1898,Napoleon of France invaded Egypt lasted for 3 years led to:

Egypt:  Had had commercial,diplomatic & religious relations with Ethiopia long before.

Egypt: • Conflict with Ethiopia reached its peak during Yohannis (1872-89) and took control of

Emperor Yohannis:  Had felt Egyptiam threat long before but not ready for confrontation.

Khedive Ismail: • Determined to avenge his defeat and began to mobilize strong force in 1876.

British involvement in Ethio-Egyptian crisis was the result of two developments:

Emperor Menilik: • Completed the process of expansion and formation of modern Ethiopian Empire.

Three events facilitated Meniliks expansion:

Italians:  Had a private shipping company which bought Port of Assab in 1869.

Italo -Shoan Relation:  officially started in 1875 when a geographical society under Antinori came and given a

On Italys demand:  Britain intervened as negotiator by sending Sir Gerald Portal who met Yohannis in 1887.

Reasons for Menilik to seek a treaty with Italy: 1. He found it difficult to dislodge Italians from Mereb Melash by force since he had not yet established firm imperial power over his empire.

Article 3 of The Wuchale Treaty Came to include a new clause "effective occupation" which: 1) Stated boundary demarcation would depend on the basis of actual possession.

Emperor Menilik:  Was unwilling to accept the loss of his sovereign right.

The Battle of Adowa • Italians were unwilling to abrogate Wuchale treaty&renounce their colonial ambition.

The Consequences of the Victory of Adwa  Political Independence of Ethiopia was guaranted.

3.1.Internal power struggle and foreign intervention in the early 20th century The Problem of Succession and the tripartite treaty

The problem of succession and tripartite treaty..continued following the internal crisis Britain ,France and Italy:

Empress Taytu:  Was Disfavoured by Meniliks succession arrangement.

Power struggle between EmpressTaytu and Shoan Nobility....Continued Empress Taytu ...Continued

The Challenge of Iyasu Power struggle was revived once again after death of Ras Tessema Nadaw in 1911 between 1. Palace guards and old nobility of shoa on one hand and

The Challenge of Iyasu .....Continued External opposition to Lij Iyasu came from:

The Challenge of Iyasu .....Continued Negus Mikael:  Had made an attempt to restore his son to power.

The Diarchy (1916-30) • Was the period of dual rule in Ethiopian History from 1916-30.

The Diarchy .....Continued Ras Teferi:

The Diarchy ....Continued Ras Teferi patronized the idea of intellectuals & made the following reforms:

3.2.Emergence of Autocracy in Ethiopia(1930-35) Emperor Haileselassie:  Had an autocratic government in which the power is concentrated in the hands of one

Week 13 day 2 The constitution of 1931.....continued The reasons to introduce the 1931 constitution point to combination of :

The Constitution of 1931...Continued Had a parliament with two houses:

Administration The emergent autocratic state adopted a policy of monarchial control over the provinces with the objwctive of:

Administration ....Continued For improvement of its bureaucracy & consolidation of power,efforts were made at expansion of modern education in addis Ababa & provinces such as:

Military Reforms  The attempt at creating a national & modern army could be trac3d back to emperor Tewodros.

Urbanization:  Had already began in the last quarter of 19th century.

The introduction of the railway:  Brought about revival of external trade through Djibouti.

Some members of the ruling class • began to involve in business undertakings such as:

To ensure the efficient administration of the vast Ethiopian Empire,emphasis was given to the import of modern communication technologies and other infrastructures

The First World War And The Russian Revolution (1877-1939) 4.1.The African Peoples Resistance Against Colonial Expansion From 1870s to 1914

Samori toure of mandinka • Built empire in west Africa before Colonialism. • Created several states by jihad.

The Ashante(Asante) Empire  Emerged as a nation in late 17th century.

The Urabi Pasha's Rebellion  Following oppwning of suez canal in 1869,colonial powers were attracted to the water ways.  Britain was determined to get safe passage for her ships sailing sailing to and from India.

The Mahdist movement in the sudan  Was a religious revivalist & anti colonial resistance movement against Egypt.  Was began in1881.

The Maji Maji Rebellion • The sultan of zanzibar leased the coast to German East African Company for fifty years.

Causes of the first World War 1.The Rivalry among Imperialist Power

3.The Balkan Crisis • The Bosinian Crisis:

Immediate cause of the WWI • The Assassination of Frances Ferdinand at Sarajevo by Gavrilo princip in 1914

Course of WWI...continued

Causes of The Revolution

The Wal Wal incident and the reaction of the League of Nations

5.2. The Italo Ethiopian war of 1935-36.

The Italo Ethiopian War of 1935-36 ....contd Emperor Haileselassie :

5.3.Fascist Rule and Patriotic Resistance 1936-41

Fascist Rule and Patriotic Resistance 1936-41...Contd Italian rule:

The patriotic Resistance Movement

The patriotic Resistance movement....continued The turning point:february 1937

5.4.The second World War and the liberation of Ethiopia. Cause of the war

The course of the WWII and liberation of Ethiopia. The Eastern Front

Liberation of Ethiopia and Restoration of the Monarchy and British Domination

Post Second World War Global Developments 6.1 The Formation Of The United Nations Organizations(UNO)

1.The General Assembly

3.The secretariat: Seated at New york with 15000 workers from different countries & has thd following duties:

6.2.The emergence of Rival Super Powers and The Cold War. Post war global developments

1.Containment: Harry Truman called for an end to communist expansion known asTruman Doctrine which :

The Chinese Revolution

The Vietnam War

The Arab Israeli War

THE ARAB ISRAELI WAR  The six day war

Aftermath of Arab Israeli war

THE FOURTH ARAB ISRAELI WAR (Yom Kippur War)

THE NON ALIGNED MOVEMENT

The principles of Non Aligned movement

CHALLENGES TO NON ALIGNED MOVEMENT AND ITS DECLINE

AFRICA SINCE 1945

ITALIAN COLONIES -NORTH AND EAST AFRICA

FRENCH COLONIES

French colonies....contd

BRITISH COLONIES

BRITISH COLONIES(continued)

BRITISH COLONIES(continued)  SOUTH RHODESIA(ZIMBABWE)

BELGIAN COLONIES-CENTRAL AFRICA  CONGO

Belgian colonies ....Contd CONGO AFTER CIVIL WAR

THE PORTUGUESE COLONIAL EMPIRE

Apartheid in south Africa

PAN AFRICANISM

 PAN AFRICANISM(continued)

7.3. THE FORMATION OF ORGANIZATION FOR AFRICAN UNITY( OAU)

7.4.PROBLEMS OF INDEPENDENT AFRICAN STATES

-After the liberation of Ethiopia in 1941

8.1. CONSOLIDATION OF AUTOCRACY(continued)

 ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT FROM 1941-197

Economic development(continued)

8.2. CRISIS OF AUTOCRACY AND OPPOSITION TO THE IMPERIAL RULE

THE ERITREAN PROBLEM (continued)

THE BALE PEASANT REBELLION

THE ERITREAN PROBLEM  BRITAIN

THE ERITREAN PROBLEM (continued)

8.3.THE POPULAR REVOLUTION OF 1974 & ITS AFTERMATH

The Popular Revolution Of 1974 & Its Aftermath(continued).

The Popular Revolution Of 1974 and Its Aftermath(continued)

Measures of Reform taken by Derg (continued)

Measures of reform Taken By Derg(continued)

Decline and Fall Of the Military Regime -Internal Factors

From Military Dictatorship to A Federal Arrangement